Phase IFoundation
Background
Overview
This concept is central to understanding democratic principles, civil liberties, the balance between individual rights and state security, and the role of dissent in governance. The misuse of laws to suppress dissent is a recurring theme in Indian polity.
The right to freedom of speech and expression (Article 19(1)(a)) and the right to assemble peacefully and without arms (Article 19(1)(b)) are fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, forming the bedrock of democratic dissent and protest. These rights, however, are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) and 19(3) in the interest of public order, morality, security of the state, etc.