UPSC Notes

Gasification Technology and Policy in India

PYQs

8

Articles

1

Momentum

21

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Addresses India's energy security, import dependence, environmental sustainability, rural development (biomass), technological challenges, and policy choices for industrial development.

Gasification is a thermochemical process that converts organic or fossil-based materials into a synthesis gas (syngas), which can then be used to produce fuels, chemicals (like methanol, ammonia, fertilizers), and power. India's National Coal Gasification Mission aims to leverage this technology for energy security and reduced import dependence.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

National Coal Gasification Mission Target

Convert 100 million tonnes of coal into methanol, ammonia, and fertilizers by 2030.

Challenges with Indian Lignite/Coal

High ash fusion temperature, high moisture content, feedstock variability, high sulphur content, and unproven technology at scale for Indian feedstocks.

Advantages of Agricultural Biomass

Widely available surplus (90-100 MT annually), lower ash/sulphur, manageable moisture, supports distributed deployment, and generates rural income.

Environmental Impact

Coal gasification without CCUS has high carbon intensity; biomass gasification offers significantly lower lifecycle emissions (0.67 tonnes CO₂ per tonne methanol vs. nearly 3 tonnes for coal).

Reference table

Comparison of Coal vs. Biomass for Gasification in India

FeatureIndian Lignite/CoalAgricultural Biomass
AvailabilityLarge, concentratedWidely available surplus
Ash ContentHigh (25-45%)Lower
Sulphur ContentHigh (up to 9%)Negligible
Moisture ContentHigh (45-60%)Manageable
Technology ReadinessUnproven at scale for Indian feedstockEstablished globally, emerging in India

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaIndian Economy
Conceptual areaEnvironment & Ecology

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
Niti AayogAcknowledged constraints
CSIRCapability building
IITsCapability building
IISERsCapability building
ICARCapability building
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Conceptual understanding

Quick revision

  • Gasification converts feedstocks into syngas for chemicals/fuels.
  • India's mission targets 100 MT coal gasification by 2030.
  • Indian lignite poses challenges: high ash, moisture, sulphur, unproven tech.
  • Biomass offers lower emissions, distributed model, rural income.
  • Policy shift towards biomass could enhance energy security and sustainability.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Indian EconomyEnvironment & Ecology

India should back biomass over coal for gasification

30 Jul 2026 · India's gasification strategy faces technical and economic hurdles with lignite due to its unique properties, while agricultural biomass offers a more viable, environmentally friendly, and socio-economically beneficial alternative for producing syngas, methanol, and ammonia.

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Related topics

Current topic

Gasification Technology and Policy in India

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 8 linked questions on Gasification Technology and Policy in India in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.

UPSC Prelims PYQs on Gasification Technology and Policy in India

Practice official previous year questions asked by UPSC related to this concept.

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