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India-Nepal Relations

PYQs

3

Articles

1

Momentum

11

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Understanding India's neighborhood policy, challenges, and opportunities in bilateral relations with key neighbors like Nepal is vital for GS2 International Relations, especially concerning regional cooperation, border management, and strategic interests in South Asia.

India and Nepal share a unique relationship characterized by open borders and deep-rooted people-to-people ties, encompassing cultural, economic, and strategic dimensions. This bilateral relationship is crucial for regional stability and security in South Asia, forming a key component of India's 'Neighborhood First' policy.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

Open Border

Facilitates free movement of people and goods, unique in international relations.

Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950)

Forms the bedrock of bilateral relations, allowing Nepali citizens to work in India and vice-versa.

Economic Cooperation

India is Nepal's largest trade partner and source of foreign investment, particularly in hydropower and infrastructure.

Border Disputes

Recurring issues over territories like Kalapani, Lipulekh, and Limpiyadhura.

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaInternational Relations

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
Ministry of External Affairs (India)Formulates and implements foreign policy
Embassy of India in KathmanduDiplomatic representation and bilateral engagement
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Statement-based questions

Prelims angle: Factual recall

Quick revision

  • Unique open border, 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship.
  • Key economic partner, major investor in Nepal's hydropower.
  • Persistent border disputes (Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura).
  • Strategic importance for India's security and regional stability.
  • Challenges include Chinese influence and managing political sensitivities.

Topic timeline

International Relations
Prelims 2015· Factual recall, Multi-statement analysis

India is a member of which of the following? 1. Asia-Pacific economic corporation. 2. Association of South-East Asian Nations. 3. East Asia Summit Select t...

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Prelims 2023· Statement-based questions, Factual recall

Consider the following statements: Statement-I :Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States. Statement-II :The 'Arab Peace Initiative...

Open question
Prelims 2026· Factual recall, Multi-statement analysis

The Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany visited India in January, 2026. Which of the following is/are **not** correct in terms of outcomes of this ...

Open question

Repairing ties with Nepal: A strategy of two hands, 10 fingers

26 Aug 2026 · India-Nepal relations are complex, involving historical, cultural, economic, and strategic aspects, often facing challenges related to border disputes, political sensitivities, and increasing geopolitical competition, while also presenting opportunities for mutual development and regional stability.

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Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 3 linked questions on India-Nepal Relations in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.

See Mains PYQsEvaluate an answer

UPSC Prelims PYQs on India-Nepal Relations

Practice official previous year questions asked by UPSC related to this concept.

Consider the following statements: Statement-I :Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States. Statement-II :The 'Arab Peace Initiative...

2023·International Relations
Solve

The Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany visited India in January, 2026. Which of the following is/are **not** correct in terms of outcomes of this ...

2026·International Relations
Solve

India is a member of which of the following? 1. Asia-Pacific economic corporation. 2. Association of South-East Asian Nations. 3. East Asia Summit Select t...

2015·International Relations
Solve

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