UPSC Notes

Interlinking of Rivers Project (ILR)

PYQs

8

Articles

1

Momentum

21

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Important for understanding large-scale infrastructure projects, their multi-faceted impacts (environmental, social, economic), challenges in sustainable development, and inter-state cooperation/conflict over resources.

The Interlinking of Rivers Project (ILR) is a large-scale engineering project in India aimed at connecting various rivers through a network of canals to transfer surplus water from water-rich basins to water-deficit basins, primarily for irrigation and drought mitigation.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

Objective

Transfer surplus water from perennial rivers to drought-prone areas for irrigation, drinking water, and power generation.

Proponents' Argument

Addresses water scarcity, ensures water security, and utilizes 'surplus' water.

Critics' Concerns

Significant ecological impact, displacement of populations, high costs, and potential for new inter-state disputes.

Key Project Example

Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) is a prominent example, facing resistance from tribal populations.

Reference table

Arguments for and against Interlinking of Rivers

Proponents' ViewCritics' Concerns
Addresses water scarcity & droughtEcological damage & biodiversity loss
Utilizes 'surplus' waterDisplacement of local populations
Enhances food & water securityHigh financial costs & implementation challenges
Generates hydropowerPotential for new inter-state conflicts

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaIndian Polity & Governance
Conceptual areaEnvironment & Ecology

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
National Water Development Agency (NWDA)Plans and studies ilr projects
Special Committee for Interlinking of RiversOversees ilr implementation
Union GovernmentInitiates and funds projects
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Conceptual understanding

Quick revision

  • Aims to transfer water from surplus to deficit basins.
  • Benefits: irrigation, drought mitigation, water security.
  • Concerns: ecological damage, displacement, high cost, new disputes.
  • Ken-Betwa Link Project is a key ongoing example.
  • National Water Development Agency (NWDA) is involved.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Indian Polity & GovernanceEnvironment & Ecology

River-linking is not the solution

03 Sep 2026 · The Interlinking of Rivers Project aims to transfer water from surplus to deficit basins but faces significant environmental, social, and economic challenges. While proponents cite water security, critics highlight ecological damage, displacement, and high costs, as seen in projects like Ken-Betwa.

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Related topics

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 8 linked questions on Interlinking of Rivers Project (ILR) in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.

UPSC Prelims PYQs on Interlinking of Rivers Project (ILR)

Practice official previous year questions asked by UPSC related to this concept.

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