UPSC Notes

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India

PYQs

8

Articles

1

Momentum

21

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

SMRs represent a significant technological advancement in nuclear energy, offering potential solutions for India's energy security, climate change mitigation goals, and industrial decarbonization (e.g., hydrogen production). Their indigenous development aligns with 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' and highlights India's capabilities in strategic technologies. The policy framework supporting their deployment involves public-private partnerships and regulatory reforms, crucial for governance and economic growth.

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors that produce up to 300 MW(e) of power, are smaller than conventional nuclear power reactors, and can be manufactured at a plant and transported to a site. Their modular design allows for scalability, reduced construction time, and enhanced safety features, making them a promising option for flexible power generation and industrial applications.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

Indigenous Development

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is undertaking design, development, and deployment of indigenous SMRs like BSMR-200, SMR-55, and HTGCR, leveraging expertise from Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs).

Capacity & Targets

SMRs range from 5 MWth (HTGCR) to 220 MWe (BSMR-200, with envisaged augmentation to 300 MWe), contributing to the Nuclear Energy Mission's (NEM) target of 100 GWe nuclear power generation capacity by 2047.

Funding & Deployment

A budgetary provision of Rs. 20,000 crore under NEM is allocated for SMR R&D and deployment, with demonstration reactors planned at sites like Tarapur, Maharashtra, and BARC, Vizag.

Technological Advancements

Indigenous development includes special materials like Advanced Purified Reactor Vessel Alloy (ApuRVA) and in-house control rod drive mechanisms, with significant domestic industry participation.

Reference table

Key Indigenous SMR Projects

Reactor TypeCapacityProposed SitePurpose
BSMR-200220 MWe (envisaged 300 MWe)Tarapur, MaharashtraPower Generation
SMR-5555 MWeTarapur, MaharashtraPower Generation
HTGCRUp to 5 MWthBARC, VizagHydrogen Production

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaNuclear Energy
Conceptual areaIndigenous Technology
Conceptual areaEnergy Security

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)Designs, develops, deploys
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)Approves projects, sites
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)Provides environmental clearances
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Conceptual understanding

Quick revision

  • SMRs are advanced, smaller nuclear reactors (up to 300 MWe).
  • BARC leads indigenous development (BSMR-200, SMR-55, HTGCR).
  • Aimed at 100 GWe nuclear capacity by 2047 under NEM.
  • Rs. 20,000 crore allocated for R&D and deployment.
  • SHANTI Act 2025 facilitates private participation and strengthens AERB.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Nuclear EnergyIndigenous TechnologyEnergy Security
Prelims 2020· Conceptual understanding, Institutional roles and functions

PARLIAMENT QUESTION: DEPLOYMENT OF SMALL MODULAR REACTORS

05 Aug 2026 · SMRs are smaller, modular nuclear reactors being indigenously developed by BARC in India, with projects like BSMR-200, SMR-55, and HTGCR. They are crucial for achieving India's 2047 nuclear power target under the Nuclear Energy Mission, supported by a Rs. 20,000 crore budget and a new regulatory framework.

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Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India

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UPSC Prelims PYQs on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India

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