Reconnect public health with people’s needs

With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements:
1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it.
2. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.
3. It has seamless portability across the country.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. A. 1 and 2 only
2. B. 3 only
3. C. 1 and 3 only
4. D. 1, 2 and 3

Consider the following statements :
Statement-I :India's public sector health care system largely focuses on curative care with limited preventive, promotive and rehabilitative care.
Statement-II: Under India's decentralized approach to health care delivery, the States are primarily responsible for organizing health services.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

1. A. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
2. B. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
3. C. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
4. D. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Which of the following statements with regard to the persons with disabilities in India is/are correct ?

1. The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, an Act passed by the Parliament of India in 2018, mandates reservation in education and employment, places a legal duty on Governments to ensure accessibility and non-discrimination.
2. The Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan focuses on achieving universal accessibility for Persons with Disabilities across three key domains — built infrastructure, transport systems and information and communication technology.
3. The National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC) is a public sector organisation set up by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs as a not-for-profit company to promote entrepreneurship among Persons with Disabilities (PwDs).

Select the answer using the code given below :

1. A. 1 and 2
2. B. 2 only
3. C. 1 and 3
4. D. 1 only

Consider the following statements in relation to Janani Suraksha Yojana:
1. It is safe motherhood intervention of the State Health Departments.
2. Its objective is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality among poor pregnant women.
3. It aims to promote institutional delivery among poor pregnant women.
4. Its objective includes providing public health facilities to sick infants up to one year of age.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

1. A. Only one
2. B. Only two
3. C. Only three
4. D. All four

With reference to the 'Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan', consider the following statements:

1. This scheme guarantees a minimum package of antenatal care services to women in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy and six months post-delivery health care service in any government health facility.
2. Under this scheme, private sector health care providers of certain specialities can volunteer to provide services at nearby government health facilities.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. A. 1 only
2. B. 2 only
3. C. Both 1 and 2
4. D. Neither 1 nor 2

Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of "Digital India" Plan of the Government of India?
1. Formation of India's own Internet companies like China did.
2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our school, public places and major tourist centres

Select the correct answer using the code given below

1. A. 1 and 2 only
2. B. 3 only
3. C. 2 and 3 only
4. D. 1, 2 and 3

To obtain full benefits of demographic dividend, what should India do?

1. A. Promoting skill development
2. B. Introducing more social security schemes
3. C. Reducing infant mortality rate
4. D. Privatization of higher education

Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’?

1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.
3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.
4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. A. 1 and 2 only
2. B. 1, 2 and 3 only
3. C. 1, 2 and 4 only
4. D. 3 and 4 only

‘Mission Indradhanush’ launched by the Government of India pertains to -

1. A. Immunization of children and pregnant women
2. B. Construction of smart cities across the country
3. C. India’ own search for Earth-like planets in outer space
4. D. New Educational policy

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana has been launched for -

1. A. providing housing loan to poor people at cheaper interest rates
2. B. Promoting women’s Self Help Groups in backward areas
3. C. promoting financial inclusion in the country
4. D. providing financial help to marginalised communities

Does tribal development in India centre around two axes, those of displacement and of rehabilitation? Give your opinion.

Achieving sustainable growth with emphasis on environmental protection could come into conflict with poor people’s needs in a country like India – Comment.

How do you account for the growing fast food industries given that there are increased health concerns in modern society? Illustrate your answer with the Indian experience.

The French Revolution has enduring relevance to the contemporary world. Explain.

Trace India’s consolidation process during early phase of independence in terms of polity, economy, education and international relations.

Mahatma Jotirao Phule’s writings and efforts of social reforms touched issues of almost all subaltern classes. Discuss.

According to the article, a significant criticism of the 'wellness' approach in public health policy, particularly when applied at the population level, is that it:

1. A. Exclusively focuses on the biological dimensions of health, ignoring mental and social aspects.
2. B. Is inherently individualistic and subjective, making it difficult to measure and evaluate effectively at a population level.
3. C. Places primary responsibility on the government for health outcomes, thereby reducing individual accountability.
4. D. Overemphasizes health promotion activities, neglecting curative and rehabilitative care.

Which of the following was a direct consequence of the introduction of Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) as described in the article?

1. A. The establishment of entirely new, state-of-the-art primary healthcare facilities across all districts.
2. B. A mandatory alteration of the names and identities of existing grassroots-level health institutions like Sub-Centres and PHCs.
3. C. A significant increase in the budget allocation specifically for curative care services in public hospitals.
4. D. The complete privatization of primary healthcare services, shifting all responsibility to the private sector.

The article highlights a key difference between 'health promotion' and the 'wellness' approach in public health. Which of the following accurately captures this distinction?

1. A. 'Wellness' is a population-based approach, while 'health promotion' focuses on individual lifestyle changes.
2. B. 'Health promotion' recognizes social, economic, and environmental determinants of health, whereas 'wellness' places primary responsibility on individuals.
3. C. 'Wellness' is easily measurable at the population level, unlike 'health promotion' which is subjective.
4. D. Both 'health promotion' and 'wellness' are interchangeable concepts with similar policy implications.

"Recent public health policies in India, particularly the Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres, have been criticized for shifting focus from measurable population health outcomes to subjective individual well-being." Discuss this statement in light of the challenges in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India.

Introduce the concept of UHC and the stated criticism of AB-HWCs. Elaborate on how the shift to 'individual well-being' impacts the measurability of health outcomes and diverts attention from core public health infrastructure, thereby hindering UHC goals of access, affordability, and quality. Conclude with recommendations for a more robust public health approach.

Examine how the 'individualization of health', driven by the changing wellness narrative in public health policy, poses a challenge to strengthening core public health infrastructure and addressing unmet health needs in India.

Define 'individualization of health' and its roots in the wellness narrative. Explain how this focus on individual responsibility and subjective well-being can lead to neglect of structural issues, underinvestment in public health infrastructure, and a failure to systematically capture and address population-level unmet health needs.