The introduction of coinage in ancient India, as evidenced by Pali texts and archaeological finds of punch-marked coins, is a hallmark of the 6th century BCE. This period is associated with two major socio-economic developments: 1. Emergence of urban life: The widespread use of metallic money is a defining feature of the Second Urbanization in the Gangetic valley. The rise of the Mahajanapadas was accompanied by the growth of fortified cities (*nagaras*), organized artisan guilds, and long-distance trade along routes like the *Uttarapatha*, all of which were facilitated by the use of coins. 2. Transition to money economy: The introduction of specific coin denominations like kahapana, nikkha, kamsa, and kakanika marked a definitive shift from a purely barter-based system to a money economy. This transition allowed for standardized pricing, wage payments, and the emergence of complex economic practices such as money-lending (usury), which are extensively documented in early Buddhist literature. Therefore, the given statements are associated with both the emergence of urban life and the transition to a money economy. Therefore, the correct option is C.