Bhakti Movement

Ramanuja believed in qualified non-dualism (Vishishtadvaita), where the individual soul (atman) and God (Brahman) coexist in a qualified oneness. Qualified Non-dualism (Vishishtadvaita): This is the core concept in Ramanuja's philosophy. It contrasts with the strict non-dualism (Advaita) of Adi Shankara. While both acknowledge an ultimate reality, Ramanuja argues for a qualified oneness, where the individual soul (atman) and God (Brahman) exist in a dependent relationship. God's supremacy: Ramanuja emphasized the concept of a personal God, often identified with Vishnu, who is both immanent (present within the world) and transcendent (beyond the world). Path to salvation: Liberation (moksha) is achieved through devotion (bhakti) to God and his grace.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Aryadeva was a Buddhist philosopher, not a Jaina scholar. Aryadeva was a Mahayana Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Madhyamaka philosopher. He is known for his association with the Nalanda monastery. Statement 2 is correct. Dignaga was a Buddhist scholar known for his contributions to logic and philosophy. Dignaga's thought influenced later Buddhist philosophers like Dharmakirti and also Hindu thinkers of the Nyaya school. Statement 3 is correct. Nathamuni was a Vaishnava scholar who is credited with reviving the Sri Vaishnava tradition. Nathamuni collected and compiled the Naalayira Divya Prabandham

Statement 1 is incorrect. Saint Nimbarka lived in the 13th or 14th century, while Akbar's reign was from 1556 to 1605. Statement 2 is incorrect. Saint Kabir lived in the 15th century, predating Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi who belonged to the 16th-17th century.

Incorrect (1) Most of Thyagaraja's kritis (compositions) are devotional songs in praise of Lord Rama, not Krishna. Correct (2) Tyagaraja is credited with creating several new ragas (melodic scales) in Carnatic music. Incorrect (3) Annamacharya and Tyagaraja were not contemporaries. Annamacharya lived in the 15th century, while Tyagaraja lived in the 18th-19th century. Correct (4) Annamacharya's kirtanas (devotional songs) are indeed known for praising Lord Venkateshwara, a form of Vishnu.

Pair 1 is correct: Chalio / Chaliho also called Chaliho Sahib is a forty-day-long festival celebrated by Hindu Sindhi community. Pair 2 is incorrect: Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra - While the Nanda Devi Raj Jaat Yatra is a festival celebrated in Uttarakhand, it's not primarily associated with the Gond community. The Gonds are an indigenous tribe spread across central India. Pair 3 is incorrect: Wari-Warkari - The Wari-Warkari tradition and pilgrimage are associated with the Marathi community of Maharashtra, particularly devotees of the Hindu god Vitthal. The Santhals are an indigenous tribe inhabiting parts of eastern India.

Statement 1 is correct. Manipuri Sankirtana is a vibrant performance art that combines singing, dancing, and drumming. Statement 2 is incorrect. While cymbals are used, Manipuri Sankirtana incorporates other instruments like the Pung (hand-beaten drum), Pena (string instrument), and harmonium. Statement 3 is correct. A core aspect of Manipuri Sankirtana is narrating stories and themes from Hinduism, particularly those related to Lord Krishna.

Statement 1 is correct: The Siddhas (Sittars) of the Tamil region were indeed monotheistic. They believed in a single ultimate reality and often rejected the traditional Hindu practices of idol worship and elaborate temple rituals. Statement 2 is correct: The Lingayats of the Kannada region challenged the established social order. - They did not subscribe to the concept of rebirth within the caste system. - They emphasized equality and rejected the rigidities of the caste system. Therefore, both statements are correct. Hence, option C is the correct Answer.

Sattriya originated in Sattra, a monastery, as a part of neo-Vaishnavite movement started by Srimanta Sankardev in the 15th Century. He propagated the 'ek sharan Naama dharma' (chanting the name of one God devotedly). Statement 1 is correct: Sattriya is indeed a combination of music, dance, and drama. It incorporates storytelling through movement and expressions. Statement 2 is correct: Sattriya has a rich history and is a living tradition practiced for centuries by Vaishnavites of Assam. Statement 3 is incorrect: While devotional in nature, Sattriya dance is based on compositions by Sankardeva and other Assamese saints, not Tulsidas, Kabir, and Mirabai who belonged to different Bhakti traditions. Sattriya uses its own distinct Ragas and Talas.

Statement 1 is incorrect: This is a collection of the teachings of Kabir, a 15th-century Indian mystic poet and philosopher. It is not associated with Saint Dadu Dayal. Statement 2 is incorrect: This philosophy was propounded by Vallabhacharya, not Madhvacharya. Madhvacharya is known for his Dvaita philosophy, which emphasizes the duality of existence. Therefore, both statements are incorrect.

Babur took over in 1526, Dadu Dayal lived between 1544-1603 and Tyagaraja between 1767-1847, thus statements one and three are definitely incorrect. Guru Nanak lived between 1469 and 1539 and was preaching in 1526 when the Lodi Dynasty fell and Babur took over.