Indian National Movement & Leadership

Statement 1 is Correct: Subhas Chandra Bose failed to win the confidence of Mahatma Gandhi. After Bose's re-election as INC President in 1939, Gandhi declared the defeat of his candidate, Pattabhi Sitaramayya, as his own defeat, indicating a lack of confidence in Bose. Statement 2 is Correct: The Congress Left was disunited and failed to support Bose. The Congress Socialist Party, Communists, and Royists were fragmented and did not present a united front behind Bose during the Tripuri Crisis. Statement 3 is Incorrect: While the Communists did not support Bose's radical approach, this was not a direct factor in the formation of the Forward Bloc. Their stance was more about maintaining unity under Gandhi rather than directly opposing Bose's endeavors. Statement 4 is Correct: Supporters of M.N. Roy and socialist leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan preferred Congress unity over supporting Bose. They abstained from voting on the Govind Ballabh Pant resolution, which effectively withdrew their support from Bose to prevent a split in the Congress. Therefore, the correct option is B, which includes statements 1, 2, and 4.

Statement 1 is Correct: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (Government of India Act, 1919) not only retained the separate electorates for Muslims (first introduced by the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909) but explicitly extended them to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans. This institutionalized community-based representation, directly fostering political alliances based on community. Statement 2 is Correct: The British utilized separate electorates as a strategic tool of "Divide and Rule." By institutionalizing communal and class divisions, the colonial government aimed to fragment and weaken the increasingly unified Indian nationalist movement, which was growing stronger at the time. Statement 3 is Correct: The 1919 constitutional framework tied political representation, legislative power, and administrative favors directly to communal and class identities. Consequently, various minority groups and deprived classes began organizing politically around these specific identities to secure concessions and representation, which laid the genesis for community-based political alliances in India. Therefore, all three statements support the assertion, making the correct option D.

Option A is Incorrect: The Eka Movement was initially supported by Congress and Khilafat leaders, but the Congress withdrew its support when the movement adopted militant tactics under the leadership of Madari Pasi. Conversely, the Bardoli Satyagraha was deeply integrated with Congress leadership from its inception and was spearheaded by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Option B is Incorrect: The Eka Movement was a grassroots peasant movement directed *against* oppressive taluqdars and zamindars, led by Madari Pasi, a low-caste peasant leader. The Bardoli Satyagraha was primarily a movement of landowning peasants (such as the Patidars) facing economic hardship, rather than a movement of landless labourers. Option C is Correct: The Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) was a direct campaign against an arbitrary 22% enhancement of land revenue by the British Bombay Presidency government. The Eka Movement (1921–1922) was primarily a protest against the excessive and illegal extraction of rents (often exceeding 50% of the recorded rent) and the oppression by *thekedars* (contractors) and landlords. Option D is Incorrect: The Eka Movement took place in the Awadh region of the United Provinces, specifically in districts like Hardoi, Bahraich, Barabanki, Sitapur, and Lucknow, not Varanasi or Mirzapur. The Bardoli Satyagraha occurred in the Bardoli taluka of the Surat district in Gujarat, not Saurashtra. Therefore, Option C is the correct answer.

The phrase "Sedition has become my religion" was declared by Gandhiji during the Salt Satyagraha, symbolizing his open defiance of British authority through non-violent means. ✅ B. Publicly violating Salt Law at Dandi – Correct * Gandhi made this powerful statement during the Salt March (1930) after breaking the Salt Law at Dandi.

The Self-Respect Movement, started in 1925, aimed to dismantle caste hierarchies and promote social equality, especially for non-Brahmin communities in Tamil Nadu. He founded the Self-Respect Movement to fight caste oppression and promote rationalism and equality.

After the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, many people were arrested and faced severe punishment, including death sentences. Legal intervention helped reduce this. ✅ B. Madan Mohan Malaviya and Krishna Kant – Correct * Madan Mohan Malaviya and his son Krishna Kant provided legal defence to the accused.
* Their efforts led to major sentence reductions, saving many from execution.

Mahatma Gandhi made the upliftment of *Harijans* a central goal after opposing separate electorates for the Depressed Classes in the British Communal Award. After the Poona Pact (1932), signed with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Gandhi intensified efforts to eradicate untouchability, forming the Harijan Sevak Sangh and launching the 'Harijan' journal.

The Non-Cooperation Programme aimed to resist British rule through boycott and self-reliance, emphasizing non-violence and alternative institutions. ✅ Statement I is correct:
* Boycott of law courts and foreign cloth was a key part of the movement. ✅ Statement II is correct:
* Strict non-violence was insisted upon by Gandhi during the movement. ❌ Statement III is incorrect:
* The programme required surrendering British titles and honours, not retaining them. ✅ Statement IV is correct:
* Setting up Panchayats to settle disputes locally was encouraged. So, the correct answer is: C (Only three)

* Statement 1 is correct: At the Nagpur Session of the Indian National Congress in December 1920, the Congress formally adopted the objective of attaining 'Swaraj' by all legitimate and peaceful means. This became the central political goal during the Non-Cooperation Movement. * Statement 2 is correct: The Non-Cooperation Movement was designed as a phased programme. The initial phase included surrender of titles, boycott of schools, courts, elections, and foreign goods. Advancement to the next phase—civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes—was to be undertaken if Swaraj was not achieved within the expected timeline and if the British Government responded with repression, with the discretion to launch the next stage resting with Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress leadership.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a reformer who respected Indian traditions but promoted rational thinking and social equality. ✅ Statement I is correct:
* He respected traditional Eastern philosophies like Vedanta and sought their reform. ✅ Statement II is correct:
* He advocated for rationalism, scientific thinking, and equality of all men and women. So, the correct answer is: C