UPSC Notes

Climate Change Impacts on Mountain Ecosystems (Hindu Kush Himalayas)

PYQs

8

Articles

1

Momentum

21

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Directly relevant to India's environmental security, water resources, disaster management strategies, and regional cooperation. The stability of the HKH is crucial for the well-being of a significant portion of India's population and economy.

Mountain ecosystems, particularly the Hindu Kush Himalayas (HKH), are highly sensitive to global warming, experiencing accelerated glacial melt, permafrost thaw, and increased frequency of extreme weather events like flash floods and landslides, which threaten regional ecosystems, water security, and human populations.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

"Third Pole" Significance

The HKH region is often called the "Third Pole" due to its vast ice and snow reserves, second only to the polar regions.

Water Tower of Asia

It is the source of major river systems like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra, providing water to billions across South and Southeast Asia.

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs)

Accelerated glacial melt increases the formation and volume of glacial lakes, raising the risk of sudden and devastating GLOFs.

Biodiversity Hotspot

The HKH is a global biodiversity hotspot, and climate change threatens its unique flora and fauna, leading to habitat shifts and species loss.

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaBiogeography & Ecosystems

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)Highlights vulnerability and calls for action
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Conceptual understanding

Quick revision

  • HKH: "Third Pole," vital water source for Asia.
  • Vulnerable to climate change: rapid glacial melt, permafrost thaw.
  • Increased risk of GLOFs, flash floods, landslides.
  • Threatens water security, biodiversity, human settlements.
  • Requires urgent climate action and resilience building.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Biogeography & Ecosystems

Nepal-China flash flood disaster exposes fragility of Hindu Kush Himalayas: U.N. climate chief

31 Aug 2026 · The Hindu Kush Himalayas, a critical "Third Pole" and water tower, face severe climate change impacts including glacial melt, GLOFs, and extreme weather, threatening regional ecosystems, water security, and human lives.

Read article

Related topics

Current topic

Climate Change Impacts on Mountain Ecosystems (Hindu Kush Himalayas)

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 8 linked questions on Climate Change Impacts on Mountain Ecosystems (Hindu Kush Himalayas) in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.

UPSC Prelims PYQs on Climate Change Impacts on Mountain Ecosystems (Hindu Kush Himalayas)

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