UPSC Notes

Climate Justice and Loss and Damage

PYQs

11

Articles

2

Momentum

32

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Essential for understanding the equity dimension of climate change, international climate negotiations (UNFCCC, COP), the demands of developing countries, and the challenges in achieving global climate cooperation. It touches upon international relations, environmental policy, and sustainable development.

Climate justice is a concept that frames global warming as an ethical and political issue, arguing that those least responsible for climate change often suffer its worst impacts, demanding equitable solutions and accountability from historical and major emitters. Loss and Damage refers to the unavoidable impacts of climate change that go beyond what can be adapted to, requiring financial compensation for affected nations.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

Disproportionate Impact

Nepal, contributing a negligible 0.1% of global GHG emissions, faces severe impacts like glacial collapse and floods.

Demand for Liability

Nepal demands direct compensation from major emitters (US, China, India) based on historical and current emissions.

Shift in Diplomacy

Challenges the traditional 'charity' model, advocating for legal liability and climate equity for vulnerable nations.

Third Pole Vulnerability

The Hindu Kush Himalayas ('Third Pole') are warming at twice the global average, leading to cascading disasters.

UNFCCC Recognition

The concept gained prominence in UNFCCC negotiations, particularly for vulnerable countries.

Paris Agreement Stance

The Paris Agreement acknowledges Loss and Damage but does not establish a liability or compensation framework.

Funding Challenges

Funding mechanisms for Loss and Damage remain a contentious issue in international climate talks.

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaEnvironment & Ecology
Conceptual areaInternational Relations

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)Platform for advocacy
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)Negotiating body
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Multi-statement analysis

Prelims angle: Conceptual understanding

Quick revision

  • Ethical framework for equitable climate action.
  • Focus on accountability for historical/major emitters.
  • Loss and Damage: irreversible impacts needing compensation.
  • Nepal's case: shift from aid to liability.
  • Highlights vulnerability of 'Third Pole' region.

Elimination traps

Body vs treatyDistinguish between the concept of Loss and Damage and specific funding mechanisms or treaties that address it.

Treaty = agreement between states; body = institution.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Environment & EcologyInternational Relations

Nepal wants climate compensation, putting major emitters on the hook

05 Sep 2026 · Climate justice seeks equitable climate solutions, holding major emitters accountable for impacts on vulnerable nations. Loss and Damage refers to irreversible climate impacts requiring compensation, exemplified by Nepal's demand for liability from US, China, and India after a glacial disaster.

Read article

Himalayan tragedy points to need for new global alliances around ecological governance

08 Sep 2026 · Climate justice addresses the ethical distribution of climate burdens, while Loss and Damage refers to unavoidable climate impacts requiring support for vulnerable nations, a key demand in global climate negotiations.

Read article

Related topics

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 11 linked questions on Climate Justice and Loss and Damage in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.

UPSC Prelims PYQs on Climate Justice and Loss and Damage

Practice official previous year questions asked by UPSC related to this concept.

What is/are the importance/importances of the ‘United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification? 1. It aims to promote effective action through innovati...

2016·Environment & Ecology
Solve

With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests’. Which of the following statements are correct? 1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Clima...

2021·Environment & Ecology
Solve

Which organization has enacted the Nature Restoration Law (NRL) to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss?

2025·Environment & Ecology
Solve

Consider the following statements: Statement I: Scientific studies suggest that a shift is taking place in the Earth’s rotation and axis. Statement II: Sol...

2025·Geography
Solve

Consider the following statements: 1. "The Climate Group" is an international non-profit organization that drives climate action by building large networks ...

2022·Environment & Ecology
Solve

With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The Agreement was signed by all...

2016·Environment & Ecology
Solve

“Climate Action Tracker" which emission reduction pledges of different countries is a:

2022·Environment & Ecology
Solve

With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It ...

2017·Environment & Ecology
Solve

Consider the following statements: Statement I: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustaina...

2025·Environment & Ecology
Solve

The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2 °C above the pre-industrial level. If the global temperature increases bey...

2014·Environment & Ecology
Solve

The World Bank warned that India could become one of the first places where wet-bulb temperatures routinely exceed 35 °C. Which of the following statements b...

2025·Environment & Ecology
Solve

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