UPSC Notes

Disinformation Campaigns in International Relations

PYQs

8

Articles

1

Momentum

21

Phase IFoundation

Background

Overview

Understanding disinformation is crucial for analyzing contemporary international relations, national security challenges, and the evolving nature of conflict. It impacts foreign policy, internal security, and societal cohesion, making it a vital topic for governance and security studies.

Disinformation campaigns involve the deliberate spread of false or misleading information to manipulate public opinion, sow discord, or achieve political objectives. In international relations, state and non-state actors increasingly employ these tactics as a form of hybrid warfare to influence foreign policy, destabilize adversaries, or shape narratives without direct military confrontation.

Phase IIStatic core

Facts & tables

Key facts

Dissemination Method

Often leverages social media platforms for rapid and wide dissemination.

Strategic Aim

Aims to exploit existing societal divisions and grievances to achieve geopolitical objectives.

Impact on Governance

Can undermine trust in institutions, democratic processes, and traditional media.

Geopolitical Context

Often linked to broader geopolitical rivalries and strategic competition.

Reference table

Static syllabus anchors

TypeReference
Conceptual areaGeopolitics & International Conflicts
Conceptual areaEmerging Information Technologies

Reference table

Institutions & roles

BodyRole
EEAS (European External Action Service)Monitors and analyzes disinformation
Phase IIIExam lens

Prelims angle

Overview

Prelims angle: Statement-based questions

Prelims angle: Factual recall

Quick revision

  • Deliberate spread of false info for political goals.
  • Key tool in hybrid warfare, avoids direct conflict.
  • Exploits social media, societal divisions.
  • Impacts national security, foreign policy, public trust.
  • EU's EEAS monitors such activities.

High-confidence PYQs

Topic timeline

Geopolitics & International ConflictsEmerging Information Technologies

Spanish PM blames Russia, Israel for disinformation in Ceuta migrant crisis

01 Sep 2026 · Disinformation campaigns are a non-military tool used by state/non-state actors to achieve geopolitical aims by spreading false information, often via social media, to influence public opinion and destabilize targets.

Read article

Related topics

Current topic

Disinformation Campaigns in International Relations

Practice writing on this topic

UPSC has asked 8 linked questions on Disinformation Campaigns in International Relations in Mains. Write an answer to one — and get it evaluated.

UPSC Prelims PYQs on Disinformation Campaigns in International Relations

Practice official previous year questions asked by UPSC related to this concept.

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