Phase IFoundation
Background
Overview
UPSC frequently tests the nuances of judicial activism vs. restraint, the boundaries of judicial review, and the functional separation of powers, especially concerning the powers of investigative agencies and the executive's role in law enforcement.
The Indian Constitution establishes a clear separation of powers among the judiciary, executive, and legislature. While the judiciary exercises judicial review, it generally refrains from encroaching upon the executive's domain, particularly in matters of criminal investigation and law enforcement, unless there is a clear failure of justice or abuse of power.