Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from the ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’?
Introduction
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is crucial for India, a nation highly vulnerable to diverse natural and anthropogenic hazards. India has progressively strengthened its institutional and policy framework to mitigate disaster impacts and build resilience across various levels.
Disaster Risk Reduction in India
Pre-Sendai Framework (Before 2015)
Before 2015, India's DRR efforts were largely guided by the Disaster Management Act, 2005, which provided the legal and institutional basis. This led to the establishment of key bodies like the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), and National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM). The primary focus was on post-disaster response, preparedness, and developing early warning systems for specific hazards.
Post-Sendai Framework (After 2015)
Following the Sendai Framework, India adopted the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) in 2016, explicitly aligning with its priorities. This marked a significant paradigm shift towards proactive risk reduction, emphasizing a multi-hazard approach, strengthening disaster governance, investing in DRR, and promoting community resilience building. The 'build back better' principle became central to reconstruction efforts.
Global Frameworks for DRR
Key Differences: Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) vs. Sendai Framework for DRR (SFDRR)
| Feature | Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) | Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030) |
|---|---|---|
| Targets/Priorities | 5 Priorities for Action | 7 Global Targets |
| Scope | Focused on natural hazards, building resilience of nations/communities | Broader, includes man-made, technological, and environmental risks |
| Emphasis | Strong on response, preparedness, early warning systems | Stronger emphasis on prevention, accountability, and 'Build Back Better' |
| Overall Approach | Reactive/preparedness-centric | Proactive risk reduction and investment in DRR |
Conclusion
India's DRR journey reflects a paradigm shift from a relief-centric to a holistic, proactive, and technology-driven approach. This continuous evolution, aligned with global frameworks and local needs, is vital for fostering a truly disaster-resilient nation.
262 words · target ~250
The directive requires a detailed account of DRR measures in India and a comparative analysis of the two international frameworks.
Suggested structure
Introduction to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in India
Measures taken for DRR before Sendai Framework (pre-2015)
Measures taken for DRR after Sendai Framework (post-2015)
Key differences between Sendai Framework for DRR and Hyogo Framework for Action
India's alignment with global DRR priorities
Conclusion: Future outlook for DRR in India
Key points
Before Sendai: Disaster Management Act 2005, establishment of NDMA, NDRF, NIDM, focus on post-disaster response and preparedness, early warning systems.
After Sendai: National Disaster Management Plan (2016) aligned with Sendai's priorities, shift towards proactive risk reduction, 'build back better' principle, multi-hazard approach, community resilience building.
Sendai Framework (2015-2030) emphasizes reducing underlying risk factors, strengthening disaster governance, and investing in DRR for resilience.
Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) focused on building resilience of nations and communities to disasters through 5 priorities for action.
Key differences: Sendai has 7 global targets vs. Hyogo's 5 priorities; Sendai broadens scope to include man-made hazards and technological risks; stronger emphasis on prevention, accountability, and 'build back better' in Sendai.
India's post-Sendai measures reflect a paradigm shift from a relief-centric to a holistic, proactive, multi-hazard, and technology-driven approach to DRR.
Common mistakes
Failing to clearly distinguish between pre- and post-Sendai measures with specific examples.
Providing generic points about DRR without mentioning specific Indian institutions or policies (e.g., DM Act, NDMA, NDMP).
Superficial comparison between Hyogo and Sendai, missing the nuanced differences in scope, focus, and targets.
Not linking India's post-2015 actions directly to the principles and targets of the Sendai Framework.
Difficulty: Medium — Requires specific knowledge of India's DRR institutional framework and policies (pre/post 2015) and a nuanced understanding of the differences between two international frameworks (Hyogo and Sendai).