Colonial Rule & Administration

In the federation established by the Government of India Act of 1935, the residuary power was given to the Governor General. This means that the Governor General had the authority to deal with any legislative matters that weren't explicitly assigned to either the federal legislature or the provincial legislatures. This gave the Governor General significant control over the legislative process.

- Santhals were the agricultural people settled in Rajmahal Hills of Jharkhand.
- They are native to the Indian states of predominantly Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha. Creation of Santhal Paraganas: A separate administrative unit called the Santhal Paraganas was established in 1855. This aimed to isolate the Santhal community from the rest of the population and potentially prevent further uprisings. Restriction on Land Transfer: The Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act was passed in 1876. This act made it illegal for a Santhal to sell or transfer land to a non-Santhal. This aimed to protect the Santhal community's economic interests and prevent further exploitation by outsiders called 'Dikus'.

Key historical events in chronological order 1. 1859: Neeldarpan was written by Dinabandhu Mitra. This was a significant work highlighting the plight of indigo farmers. 2. 1863: Satyendranath Tagore cleared the British-UPSC without coaching, becoming the first Indian to do so. 3. 1875: Arya Samaj was established by Swami Dayanand, marking a pivotal moment in the religious and social reform movements in India. 4. 1882: Anandmath was penned by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, introducing the song 'Vande Mataram' which played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement.

* Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific writer and wrote several books and articles on various topics. He wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji, and Shrikrishna. His writings were influential in shaping the nationalist movement in India. Lala Lajpat Rai was an active member of the Indian National Congress. * Lala Lajpat Rai visited America in 1914 for a lecture tour organized by the Indian Home Rule League. * He was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1923 and even served as its president in 1925.

Statement 1 is correct: Wood's Dispatch advocated for a Grant-in-aid system to support private schools alongside government schools. This aimed to expand educational opportunities even with limited government resources. Statement 2 is correct: The Dispatch recommended establishing universities in major cities like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. These universities would follow the model of the University of London. Statement 3 is incorrect: While Wood's Dispatch acknowledged the importance of vernacular languages in primary education, it did not recommend English as the medium of instruction at all levels. The Dispatch proposed a tiered system
- Primary schools - Vernacular languages
- Secondary schools - Both English and vernacular languages
- Colleges - Primarily English So, statements 1 and 2 are true, while statement 3 is not entirely accurate.

Pair 1 is not correct. Sanskrit College at Benaras: This college was established by Jonathan Duncan in 1791, not William Jones. Pair 2 is correct. Calcutta Madrasa: Warren Hastings established the Calcutta Madrasa in 1781 for the study of Islamic subjects like Arabic and Persian. Pair 3 is not correct. Fort William College: This college was founded by Lord Wellesley in 1800, primarily to train British civil servants in Indian languages and customs.

During the period 1780-1860, India transitioned from an exporter of processed goods, paid for in bullion, to an exporter of raw materials and a buyer of manufactured goods. - In the 1750s, fine cotton and silk were exported from India to markets in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
- By the second quarter of the 19th century, raw materials, which chiefly consisted of raw cotton, opium, and indigo, accounted for most of India's exports.

* Charter Act of 1813 ordered the East India Company to spend 1 lakh on Education of Indians. * General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823 was formed to give effect to grant sanction in the 1813 Charter Act. * Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy were also related to the spread of education in India. This debate led to the introduction of English education in India by 1834's Macaulay Minutes.

The main aim of the colonisation of India by the Britishers was the economic exploitation of India. The commercialisation of Agriculture was an outcome of colonial exploitation. Various cash crops such as Indigo, Tea, and Cotton were forced on Indian farmers to meet the needs for raw materials for the Industrial Revolution in England. On the other hand, the Handicraft of India was ruined thus exports decreased.
Ruralisation of India led to a decrease in factories in the 19th century.

The correct answer is B, to secure a fixed income for the Company.
The main focus was on military and political control rather than securing a fixed income for the Company. The system aimed at ensuring British dominance and security.
It was also introduced to safeguard Indian states from perceived threat from Napoleon