Colonial Rule & Administration

Statement 1 is correct: Mahatma Gandhi actively campaigned against the exploitative system of indentured labour, particularly during his time in South Africa. He recognized the hardships faced by indentured labourers and advocated for their rights. Statement 2 is incorrect: During World War I, Gandhi supported the resolution for recruiting Indians for the British war effort. He believed this would demonstrate Indian loyalty to the Empire and potentially lead to greater political concessions after the war. This position was controversial within the Indian independence movement. Statement 3 is correct: The Salt Satyagraha, led by Gandhi in 1930, involved the deliberate breaking of the British salt laws as a form of protest. In response to this non-violent civil disobedience movement, the British government declared the Indian National Congress illegal.

The Charter Act of 1813 was a significant legislation: - Company’s rule and trade monopoly in India was extended to another 20 years. Monopoly was ended except for the trade in tea and with China.
- This asserted the Crown’s sovereignty over British India by defining the constitutional position of the British in India. - This act also empowered the local governments to impose taxes on the persons subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. - The European British subjects were also strengthened in India over the power of the provincial governments and courts.
- Financial provision was made to encourage a revival in Indian literature and for the promotion of science.
- This act also envisages that missionaries can go and spread the Christianity in India.

The phrase "New World crops" is usually used to describe crops, food and otherwise, that were native to the New World (mostly the Americas) before 1492 CE and not found anywhere else at that time. Many of these crops are now grown around the world and have often become an integral part of the cuisine of various cultures in the Old World. New World Food - corn, potato, tomato, bell pepper, chili pepper, vanilla, tobacco, Cocoa, rubber tree, beans, pumpkin, cassava root, avocado, peanut, pecans, cashews, pineapple, blueberries, sunflower, petunia, black-eyed susan, dahlia, marigold, quinine, wild rice, gourds, and squash.

Air India was nationalised in 1953. The Government of India passed the Air Corporation Act in 1953 and purchased a majority stake in the carrier from Tata Sons. Imperial Bank of India was nationalised in 1955, with RBI taking a 60 per cent stake, and its name was changed to SBI. The first democratically elected communist party government was formed in a state in India in 1957. In the first general election held to the Kerala state legislative assembly in 1957, the Communist Party of India won 60 seats out of 126. Goa became an independent state of India on 18 Dec 1961, and Goa was freed from the Portuguese. On Dec 18 1961, Operation Vijay was launched by the Indian Government to bring back Goa into India. Therefore correct chronological sequence is 3-2-1-4

The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was the first Satyagraha movement inspired by Gandhi and a major revolt in the Indian Independence Movement. It was a farmer's uprising that took place in the Champaran district of Bihar, India during the British colonial period. The farmers were protesting against growing indigo with barely any payment for it.

In the federation established by the Government of India Act of 1935, the residuary power was given to the Governor General. This means that the Governor General had the authority to deal with any legislative matters that weren't explicitly assigned to either the federal legislature or the provincial legislatures. This gave the Governor General significant control over the legislative process.

- Santhals were the agricultural people settled in Rajmahal Hills of Jharkhand.
- They are native to the Indian states of predominantly Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha. Creation of Santhal Paraganas: A separate administrative unit called the Santhal Paraganas was established in 1855. This aimed to isolate the Santhal community from the rest of the population and potentially prevent further uprisings. Restriction on Land Transfer: The Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act was passed in 1876. This act made it illegal for a Santhal to sell or transfer land to a non-Santhal. This aimed to protect the Santhal community's economic interests and prevent further exploitation by outsiders called 'Dikus'.

Key historical events in chronological order 1. 1859: Neeldarpan was written by Dinabandhu Mitra. This was a significant work highlighting the plight of indigo farmers. 2. 1863: Satyendranath Tagore cleared the British-UPSC without coaching, becoming the first Indian to do so. 3. 1875: Arya Samaj was established by Swami Dayanand, marking a pivotal moment in the religious and social reform movements in India. 4. 1882: Anandmath was penned by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, introducing the song 'Vande Mataram' which played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement.

* Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific writer and wrote several books and articles on various topics. He wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi, Shivaji, and Shrikrishna. His writings were influential in shaping the nationalist movement in India. Lala Lajpat Rai was an active member of the Indian National Congress. * Lala Lajpat Rai visited America in 1914 for a lecture tour organized by the Indian Home Rule League. * He was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1923 and even served as its president in 1925.

Statement 1 is correct: Wood's Dispatch advocated for a Grant-in-aid system to support private schools alongside government schools. This aimed to expand educational opportunities even with limited government resources. Statement 2 is correct: The Dispatch recommended establishing universities in major cities like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. These universities would follow the model of the University of London. Statement 3 is incorrect: While Wood's Dispatch acknowledged the importance of vernacular languages in primary education, it did not recommend English as the medium of instruction at all levels. The Dispatch proposed a tiered system
- Primary schools - Vernacular languages
- Secondary schools - Both English and vernacular languages
- Colleges - Primarily English So, statements 1 and 2 are true, while statement 3 is not entirely accurate.