Colonial Rule & Administration

Pair 1 is not correct. Sanskrit College at Benaras: This college was established by Jonathan Duncan in 1791, not William Jones. Pair 2 is correct. Calcutta Madrasa: Warren Hastings established the Calcutta Madrasa in 1781 for the study of Islamic subjects like Arabic and Persian. Pair 3 is not correct. Fort William College: This college was founded by Lord Wellesley in 1800, primarily to train British civil servants in Indian languages and customs.

During the period 1780-1860, India transitioned from an exporter of processed goods, paid for in bullion, to an exporter of raw materials and a buyer of manufactured goods. - In the 1750s, fine cotton and silk were exported from India to markets in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
- By the second quarter of the 19th century, raw materials, which chiefly consisted of raw cotton, opium, and indigo, accounted for most of India's exports.

* Charter Act of 1813 ordered the East India Company to spend 1 lakh on Education of Indians. * General Committee of Public Instruction, 1823 was formed to give effect to grant sanction in the 1813 Charter Act. * Orientalist and Anglicist Controversy were also related to the spread of education in India. This debate led to the introduction of English education in India by 1834's Macaulay Minutes.

The main aim of the colonisation of India by the Britishers was the economic exploitation of India. The commercialisation of Agriculture was an outcome of colonial exploitation. Various cash crops such as Indigo, Tea, and Cotton were forced on Indian farmers to meet the needs for raw materials for the Industrial Revolution in England. On the other hand, the Handicraft of India was ruined thus exports decreased.
Ruralisation of India led to a decrease in factories in the 19th century.

The correct answer is B, to secure a fixed income for the Company.
The main focus was on military and political control rather than securing a fixed income for the Company. The system aimed at ensuring British dominance and security.
It was also introduced to safeguard Indian states from perceived threat from Napoleon

The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in British India, introduced by Sir Thomas Munro in 1820 based on system administered by Captain Alexander Reid in the Baramahal district. It allowed the government to deal directly with the peasant (ryot) for revenue collection and gave the peasant freedom to give up or acquire new land for cultivation. The peasant was assessed for only the lands he was cultivating.

The principle of Dyarchy was introduced by the Government of India Act of 1919 in the provinces of British India. This system divided the functions of government into two categories central and provincial. The provincial subjects were further subdivided into transferred and reserved. Thus, the principle of Dyarchy refers to the division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.

The Trade Disputes Act, 1929:
* The main object of the Act was to make provisions for the establishment of Courts of Inquiry and Boards of Conciliation to investigate and settle trade disputes. * The Act prohibited strikes or lock-outs without notice in public utility services; it also made any strike or lock-out illegal.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The Factories Act of 1881 did not address worker wages or the formation of trade unions. Its primary focus was on improving working conditions, especially for children. It limited working hours for children, prohibited child labour under a certain age, and mandated breaks during the workday. Statement 2 is correct. N.M. Lokhande is indeed considered a pioneer of the labour movement in British India. He actively campaigned for better working conditions and worker rights.

Pair 1 is correctly matched. The British Indian Association was established in October 1851. The President of the first committee of this organisation was Raja Radhakanta Deb, while Debendranath Tagore was its secretary.
The newspaper of this society was Hindu patriot which adopted a strongly critical political tone. It was formed by the amalgamation of the Landholders? Society and the Bengal British India Society. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The first organisation in the Madras Presidency to agitate for the rights of Indians was the Madras Native Association which was established by publicist Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty in 1852.
This organisation did not survive for long and was eventually disbanded.
In May 1884, M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer and P. Anandacharlu established the Madras Mahajana Sabha. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The Indian National Association, also known as the Indian Association, was the first avowed nationalist organisation founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876.
The objectives of this Association were "promoting by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people".