Colonial Rule & Administration

The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in British India, introduced by Sir Thomas Munro in 1820 based on system administered by Captain Alexander Reid in the Baramahal district. It allowed the government to deal directly with the peasant (ryot) for revenue collection and gave the peasant freedom to give up or acquire new land for cultivation. The peasant was assessed for only the lands he was cultivating.

The principle of Dyarchy was introduced by the Government of India Act of 1919 in the provinces of British India. This system divided the functions of government into two categories central and provincial. The provincial subjects were further subdivided into transferred and reserved. Thus, the principle of Dyarchy refers to the division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.

The Trade Disputes Act, 1929:
* The main object of the Act was to make provisions for the establishment of Courts of Inquiry and Boards of Conciliation to investigate and settle trade disputes. * The Act prohibited strikes or lock-outs without notice in public utility services; it also made any strike or lock-out illegal.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The Factories Act of 1881 did not address worker wages or the formation of trade unions. Its primary focus was on improving working conditions, especially for children. It limited working hours for children, prohibited child labour under a certain age, and mandated breaks during the workday. Statement 2 is correct. N.M. Lokhande is indeed considered a pioneer of the labour movement in British India. He actively campaigned for better working conditions and worker rights.

Pair 1 is correctly matched. The British Indian Association was established in October 1851. The President of the first committee of this organisation was Raja Radhakanta Deb, while Debendranath Tagore was its secretary.
The newspaper of this society was Hindu patriot which adopted a strongly critical political tone. It was formed by the amalgamation of the Landholders? Society and the Bengal British India Society. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The first organisation in the Madras Presidency to agitate for the rights of Indians was the Madras Native Association which was established by publicist Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty in 1852.
This organisation did not survive for long and was eventually disbanded.
In May 1884, M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer and P. Anandacharlu established the Madras Mahajana Sabha. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The Indian National Association, also known as the Indian Association, was the first avowed nationalist organisation founded in British India by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876.
The objectives of this Association were "promoting by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people".

A three-member committee headed by Harcourt Butler, appointed on December 16, 1927, aimed to examine the relations between the native states and the paramount power, and to improve the relationship between the Government of India and the Indian States. It clearly stated that paramountcy must remain paramount. The committee fully endorsed that the viceroy should remain the Crown agent in dealing with the native states.

Satyashodhak Samaj is a social reform society founded by Jyotirao Phule in Pune, India, on 24 September 1873.
Its purpose was to liberate the less privileged in the then-prevailing society such as women, Shudra, and Dalit from exploitation and oppression. Jyotirao's wife Savitribai was the head of the women's section of the society. Through his writing and work, Jyotirao advocated against the caste system and the illogical and orthodox status of Brahmin. Phule had also started a newspaper Deenbandhu which provided the voice for the views of the Samaj. Jyotirao Phule's book Gulamgiri is dedicated to the pain, suffering and hardship faced by slaves.

* The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. * The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps, Lord Privy Seal and leader of the House of Commons.
* Cripps was sent to negotiate an agreement with the nationalist Congress leaders, who spoke for the majority Indians, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League, who spoke for the minority Muslim population.
* Cripps worked to keep India loyal to the British war effort in exchange for a promise of elections and full self-government (Dominion status) once the war was over. * Cripps discussed the proposals, which he had drafted himself, with the Indian leaders and published them.
* Both the major parties rejected his proposals, and they were also unacceptable to Churchill; no middle way was found and the mission failed.

The Montague-Chelmsford Proposals were related to constitutional reforms in British India. These proposals, named after Secretary of State for India Edwin Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford, aimed to gradually introduce self-governing institutions in India. The reforms were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report of 1918 and later formed the basis of the Government of India Act 1919.

The 'Swadeshi' (promotion of indigenous products and industries) and 'Boycott' (of British goods and institutions) were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the Anti-Partition Movement or the Swadeshi Movement of 1905-1911. This movement was sparked by the decision of the British colonial government to partition the province of Bengal in 1905, which was seen as an attempt to weaken the nationalist movement in Bengal.