Colonial Rule & Administration

The Extremist wanted to extend the Boycott and Swadeshi Movement to regions outside Bengal and also include all forms of associations (government services, law courts, councils, etc.) within the boycott programme, thus starting a nationwide mass movement. Unlike Extremists, Moderates were opposed to extending the movement and the idea of passive resistance. They felt that it involved the use of force. After the split, the Congress came to be dominated by the Moderates with Tilak?s followers functioning from outside. The two groups reunited in December 1915. Next year, the Congress and the Muslim League signed the Lucknow Pact and decided to work together for representative government in the country.

Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1876), this influential book written by *Dadabhai Naroji* argued that British policies were a significant cause of widespread poverty in India. Naoroji presented his theory of the "drain of wealth," which explained how the transfer of resources from India to Britain hampered economic growth. A book titled Some Economic Aspects of British Rule in India (1903) by *Subramania Iyer* argued that India's economic stagnation wasn't due to its pre-colonial past, but rather a direct consequence of British policies. The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age (1903) is a book written by *R.C. Dutt* that analyzed the economic transformation of India under British rule. Thus efforts of all three led to an economic critique of British colonialism in India.

Statement 1 is correct: A committee named the 'Sedition Committee' was set up in 1918 by the British Raj, led by Sir Sidney Rowlatt, a British judge. The purpose of this committee was to investigate political activities considered seditious by the British government, particularly in Bengal and Punjab. Statement 2 is correct: Gandhi believed the Rowlatt Act, passed based on the committee's recommendations, was unjust. It gave the British authorities broad powers to arrest and detain people suspected of revolutionary activities without trial. While not the primary tool used by Gandhi, Gandhi did attempt to leverage the support and networks of the Home Rule Leagues to mobilize people against the Rowlatt Act. Statement 3 is incorrect: Demonstration against the Simon Commission was held in 1928, while the Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919.

Statement 1 is correct: The Cabinet Mission (1946) recommended the establishment of a federal government in India with a weak centre controlling only defence, foreign affairs, and communications, and the provinces grouped into sections with autonomy in other matters. Statement 2 is incorrect: The Mission did not propose any changes in the powers of Indian courts; its purpose was to plan the constitutional framework for transfer of power, not judicial reforms. Statement 3 is incorrect: The Mission made no recommendation regarding the Indian Civil Services (ICS) or increasing Indian participation in it.

The Government of India Act of 1919 aimed to expand Indian participation in governing the country. The Act introduced a dual scheme of governance, separating the central and provincial subjects, with a division of powers between the British Government and Indian authorities. It established a dual system of government at the provincial level, known as diarchy. Certain subjects called Transferable subjects like education and health were placed under Indian ministers answerable to elected councils, while others called Reserved subjects remained under British control.

The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. It was founded in 1934 by Congress members who rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Yusuf Meherally, Jai Prakash Narayan, and Basawon Singh (Sinha)) as well as those who insisted upon ahimsa or nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva). The CSP advocated decentralized socialism in which cooperatives, trade unions, independent farmers, and local authorities would hold a substantial share of the economic power. - It was in favour of socialist ideas within the Congress. - It believed in democratic socialism. - It did not favour separate electorates.

Queen Victoria's Proclamation aimed to appease Indian rulers following the Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion of 1857). Statement 1 is correct: Disclaiming annexation assured them their territories wouldn't be taken over. Statement 2 is correct: The proclamation did indeed transfer power from the East India Company to the British Crown by appointing a Viceroy to oversee administration in India and to report to the Queen directly. Statement 3 is incorrect: Regulating trade wasn't a primary focus of the proclamation, as the East India Company was free to trade in India under the Free Trade Policy, but without a monopoly.

Boundary Commission, the consultative committee created in July 1947 to recommend how the Punjab and Bengal regions of the Indian subcontinent were to be divided between India and Pakistan shortly before each was to become independent from Britain. The commission appointed by Lord Mountbatten, the final viceroy of British India, consisted of:
- Four members from the Indian National Congress.
- Four from the Muslim League.
- It was chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.

The Partition of Bengal implemented by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until King George V abrogated Curzon's Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911. The widespread protests and nationalist movements against the partition led to its reversal in 1911.

Indians fiercely opposed the Simon Commission's arrival in 1928 because it had no Indian members. This exclusion from a body deciding India's future governance was seen as insulting and undemocratic, fueling the fight for independence.