Colonial Rule & Administration

The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. It was founded in 1934 by Congress members who rejected what they saw as the anti-rational mysticism of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Influenced by Fabianism as well as Marxism-Leninism, the CSP included advocates of armed struggle or sabotage (such as Yusuf Meherally, Jai Prakash Narayan, and Basawon Singh (Sinha)) as well as those who insisted upon ahimsa or nonviolent resistance (such as Acharya Narendra Deva). The CSP advocated decentralized socialism in which cooperatives, trade unions, independent farmers, and local authorities would hold a substantial share of the economic power. - It was in favour of socialist ideas within the Congress. - It believed in democratic socialism. - It did not favour separate electorates.

Queen Victoria's Proclamation aimed to appease Indian rulers following the Sepoy Mutiny (Rebellion of 1857). Statement 1 is correct: Disclaiming annexation assured them their territories wouldn't be taken over. Statement 2 is correct: The proclamation did indeed transfer power from the East India Company to the British Crown by appointing a Viceroy to oversee administration in India and to report to the Queen directly. Statement 3 is incorrect: Regulating trade wasn't a primary focus of the proclamation, as the East India Company was free to trade in India under the Free Trade Policy, but without a monopoly.

Boundary Commission, the consultative committee created in July 1947 to recommend how the Punjab and Bengal regions of the Indian subcontinent were to be divided between India and Pakistan shortly before each was to become independent from Britain. The commission appointed by Lord Mountbatten, the final viceroy of British India, consisted of:
- Four members from the Indian National Congress.
- Four from the Muslim League.
- It was chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.

The Partition of Bengal implemented by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until King George V abrogated Curzon's Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911. The widespread protests and nationalist movements against the partition led to its reversal in 1911.

Indians fiercely opposed the Simon Commission's arrival in 1928 because it had no Indian members. This exclusion from a body deciding India's future governance was seen as insulting and undemocratic, fueling the fight for independence.

- The Ilbert Bill (1883) of Lord Ripon sought to empower the Indian district Magistrates and sessions judges to try Europeans in criminal cases. - Under the existing laws, the Indian members of ICS were not authorized to try Europeans in their courts. - This move was aimed at eliminating the racial discrimination prevalent in the judiciary system, marking a significant step towards equality in colonial India.

The Constituent Assembly of India was partially elected to write the Constitution of India. Following India's independence from Great Britain in 1947, its members served as the nation's first Parliament. The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single, transferable vote system of proportional representation.

The Tebhaga movement was significant peasant agitation, initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha (peasant front of the Communist Party of India) in 1946-47. At that time sharecroppers had contracted to give half of their harvest to the landlords. The demand of the Tebhaga (sharing by thirds ) movement was to reduce the landlord share to one third.