Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain.
Introduction
Terrorism, a global scourge, significantly impacts India's security and development, manifesting in diverse forms and posing complex challenges to national integrity.
Manifestations of Terrorism in India
- Cross-border: Predominant in J&K (e.g., Pulwama, Uri attacks) and Punjab (drone incursions).
- Left-Wing Extremism (LWE): Naxalism in central and eastern India, targeting security forces and infrastructure.
- Ethno-nationalist: Insurgencies in the North-East region, though largely contained.
- Religious fundamentalism: Evident through ISIS-inspired modules and landmark attacks like Mumbai 26/11.
- Cyber-terrorism: Exploiting digital vulnerabilities for propaganda, funding, and attacks.
State Counter-Terrorism Measures
- Legislative: Acts like UAPA, NIA Act, and PMLA provide a robust legal framework.
- Institutional: Agencies such as NIA, NSG, MAC, NATGRID, and various intelligence bodies enhance response capabilities.
- Operational: Strategies include enhanced border management, intelligence gathering, counter-insurgency operations, and de-radicalization programs.
- International Cooperation: Engagement with FATF, bilateral intelligence sharing, and multilateral agreements to combat global terror networks.
Conclusion
India employs a comprehensive, multi-pronged strategy integrating legal, institutional, operational measures, and international cooperation to combat this persistent threat effectively.
154 words · target ~150
The answer must provide detailed descriptions and specific examples of how terrorism has manifested in India, and clearly outline the various countermeasures adopted by the State.
Suggested structure
Introduction: Terrorism as a global threat and its impact on India
Manifestations of Terrorism in India: Types and characteristics
Contemporary Examples of Manifestations
State Counter-Terrorism Measures: Legislative, Institutional, Operational
International Cooperation and Challenges
Conclusion: India's comprehensive approach
Key points
Manifestations: Cross-border (J&K, Punjab), Left-Wing Extremism (Naxalism), Ethno-nationalist (North-East), Religious fundamentalism, Cyber-terrorism.
Examples: Pulwama, Uri, Mumbai 26/11 (as a landmark), Naxal attacks, ISIS-inspired modules, drone attacks.
Legislative Measures: UAPA, NIA Act, PMLA.
Institutional Framework: NIA, NSG, MAC, NATGRID, Intelligence agencies.
Operational Strategies: Border management, intelligence gathering, counter-insurgency, de-radicalization.
International Cooperation: FATF, bilateral/multilateral agreements, intelligence sharing.
Common mistakes
Insufficient or outdated contemporary examples.
Lack of specific details on various manifestations.
Generic description of countermeasures without specific acts/agencies.
Failure to cover both 'manifestations' and 'countermeasures' adequately.
Difficulty: Medium — Requires specific knowledge of diverse forms of terrorism in India, recent examples, and a detailed understanding of the multi-faceted state response (legislative, institutional, operational, international). It tests both factual recall and analytical structuring.