Emerging Information Technologies

* Both statements about the G-20 are correct  * Statement 1 is correct: The G-20 originated as a forum for Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to address global economic and financial issues. It has since expanded its focus to other areas of international cooperation.  * Statement 2 is correct: India, as the chair of the G-20 in 2023, prioritised digital public infrastructure as one of its key areas of focus. This included discussions on promoting responsible use of artificial intelligence, bridging the digital divide, and fostering inclusive growth through digitalization.

* Car Crash Detection and Airbag Deployment: Modern cars use accelerometers as part of a complex system to detect rapid deceleration that can indicate a crash. The accelerometer data, along with other sensors, triggers the airbag deployment almost instantaneously.  * Laptop Fall Detection and Hard Drive Shut Off: Some laptops use accelerometers to detect a sudden fall or impact. This can trigger the hard drive heads to retract or park, protecting the drive from potential damage.  * Smartphone Tilt Detection and Display Rotation: Accelerometers are widely used in smartphones to detect orientation changes (tilt). This allows the device to automatically switch the display between portrait and landscape mode depending on how you hold the phone.  * In all these scenarios, the accelerometer detects changes in acceleration or tilt, which is then used by the system to perform the specific action. Therefore, all three statements are correct.

An open-source digital platform is essentially a software platform where the underlying code is freely available for anyone to see, modify, and distribute. This openness fosters collaboration, transparency, and innovation in software development. All of the above (1. Aarogya Setu, 2. CoWIN, 3. Digi Locker, 4. DIKSHA) are built on top of open-source digital platforms. - Aarogya Setu initially wasn't open-source, but the Indian government later made its source code available. - CoWIN leverages open-source software for its development. - DigiLocker utilizes an open-source platform called Digital Locker System.
- DIKSHA is built on the open-source platform Sunbird.

Statement 1 is correct. A key aspect of Web 3.0 is the concept of decentralization, where users have more control and ownership over their personal data, rather than having it stored and controlled by centralized platforms. Statement 2 is correct. Blockchain technology is a core component of Web 3.0, and it can enable the creation of decentralized, user-owned social networks and platforms. Statement 3 is correct. The decentralized nature of Web 3.0 means that it is not controlled by a single corporation or entity, but rather operated and maintained collectively by the users and participants in the network. Therefore, all three statements regarding Web 3.0 are correct.

Out of the listed communication technologies, all three can be considered short-range devices/technologies. Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV): CCTV systems primarily use cables or wireless connections with a limited range, typically within a building or a designated area. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID uses radio waves to identify objects. The reading range of RFID tags depends on the specific technology but generally falls within the short-range category, from a few centimetres to a few meters. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): WLANs, commonly known as Wi-Fi networks, typically operate within a range of tens of meters indoors and up to hundreds of meters outdoors depending on factors like signal strength and frequency band. While the range might be slightly larger than the others on this list, WLANs still fall under the short-range classification compared to technologies like cellular networks or satellite communication.

Statement 1 is correct. In many cases, Software as a Service (SaaS) providers allow some degree of customization of the user interface and data fields to meet the specific needs of their customers. Statement 2 is correct. One of the key benefits of SaaS is its accessibility from anywhere with an internet connection, including mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. SaaS applications are often designed to be mobile-friendly, allowing users to access their data and perform tasks on the go. Statement 3 is correct. Outlook, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail are examples of web-based email services that operate on the SaaS model. Users access these email services through web browsers without needing to install or maintain any software locally on their devices. The email data is stored and managed remotely on servers operated by the service providers. Therefore, all statements are correct.

- A qubit is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing, analogous to the bit in classical computing. - However, unlike a bit that can only be either 0 or 1, a qubit can exist in a superposition of both states simultaneously. - This property of qubits allows quantum computers to perform certain calculations much faster than traditional computers.

Statement 1 is correct. NFTs can be associated with digital assets like artwork, music, or videos. They act as a certificate of ownership for these digital items. Statement 2 is correct. NFTs are unique cryptographic tokens stored on a blockchain, a secure digital ledger. This ensures transparency and traceability of ownership. Statement 3 is incorrect. NFTs are not fungible, meaning they are not interchangeable like currencies. Each NFT has unique properties and value, unlike a dollar bill where one can be replaced by another. While NFTs can be traded, their value depends on individual characteristics and market demand, making them unsuitable for everyday transactions like buying groceries.

Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission aims to provide digital health IDs for all Indian citizens to help hospitals, insurance firms, and citizens access health records electronically when required. Statement 1 is incorrect. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) has not made it mandatory for adoption by private and public hospitals. Its adoption so far would be voluntary. Participation in ABDM is voluntary including for citizens. Participation of a healthcare facility or an institution is also voluntary and shall be taken by the respective management (government or private management). Statement 2 is incorrect. The aim of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission is to facilitate the ease of access to medical records and it is not been mandated to have every citizen as its part though the facility is available to every citizen on a consent basis. Statement 3 is correct. ABDM will have a national footprint and will enable seamless portability across the country through a Health ID Personal Health Identifier.

Statement 1 is correct. Visible Light Communication (VLC) utilizes the electromagnetic spectrum within the visible light range, which is roughly between 375 nm (violet) and 780 nm (red). Statement 2 is incorrect. VLC is not considered long-range communication compared to other optical wireless technologies like fibre optics. Its range is typically limited to shorter distances due to factors like signal power and signal degradation. Statement 3 is correct. VLC has the potential to transmit large amounts of data at high speeds, often faster than Bluetooth technology, especially in scenarios where high data transfer rates are required. Statement 4 is also correct. VLC does not use radio frequencies (RF) like traditional wireless communication technologies, and therefore, it does not suffer from electromagnetic interference (EMI) that can affect RF-based systems.